Iron deficiency is a common nutritional issue that can impact anyone, but certain groups are particularly vulnerable due to specific physiological and lifestyle factors. Understanding who is at higher risk can help in early identification and prevention, ensuring that those who need it most receive timely and appropriate care.
HIGH-RISK GROUPS FOR IRON DEFICIENCY
Women of Childbearing Age: Women of childbearing age are among the highest risk groups for iron deficiency, primarily due to menstruation. Each month, women lose blood during their menstrual cycle, and with it, iron. This loss is particularly significant for those with heavy periods (menorrhagia), which can deplete iron stores faster than they can be replenished through diet alone.
Pregnant Women: Pregnancy significantly increases a woman’s need for iron, making expectant mothers another high-risk group for iron deficiency. During pregnancy, a woman’s blood volume increases by about 50% to support the growing foetus, which requires additional iron to produce sufficient haemoglobin. Iron is vital for the development of the placenta and the baby’s brain. If a pregnant woman’s iron intake doesn’t meet these heightened needs, she may develop iron deficiency, which can lead to complications such as preterm delivery, low birth weight, and postpartum depression.
Vegetarians and Vegans: Individuals who follow vegetarian or vegan diets are also at a higher risk for iron deficiency. This is because the iron found in plant-based foods, known as non-heme iron, is less easily absorbed by the body compared to heme iron, which is found in animal products. While plant-based diets can be rich in iron-containing foods like lentils, beans, spinach, and fortified cereals, the body’s absorption of non-heme iron is influenced by various dietary factors. For example, substances like phytates, found in grains and legumes, can inhibit iron absorption.
Individuals with Chronic Conditions: Chronic health conditions can significantly affect the body’s ability to absorb and utilise iron, placing individuals with these conditions at higher risk for deficiency. Conditions such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and certain cancers can impair iron absorption or lead to chronic blood loss. These chronic conditions often necessitate ongoing monitoring and, in some cases, treatments such as iron infusions to manage iron levels effectively.
Infants and Children: Infants and young children are at a critical stage of growth and development, which requires a consistent supply of iron. Iron is essential for brain development and the production of healthy red blood cells. Babies who are born prematurely or with low birth weight are at higher risk of iron deficiency because they have smaller iron stores at birth. Additionally, children who do not consume enough iron-rich foods, such as red meat or iron-fortified cereals, or who follow restrictive diets, are more likely to develop iron deficiency. This can lead to developmental delays, behavioural issues, and decreased immune function, underscoring the importance of early detection and intervention.
Iron deficiency can affect anyone, but certain groups are more susceptible due to specific risk factors. By understanding these risks and taking proactive steps to address them, it’s possible to prevent iron deficiency and its associated health complications. If you belong to one of these high-risk groups, consider discussing your iron levels with your GP to determine the best approach to maintaining your health.